Instrument for navigation



July 6, 1948. P. MOSNER ETAL INSTRUMENT FOR NAVIGATION 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Nov. 25, 1942 W 5 V m .Iu. O a: m R J I. in m m w & Ufi 1+ IIH W 1| )fl// I. w v a w i 5 w W o I AGENT July 6, 1948. P. MOSNER ETAL INSTRUMENT FOR NAVIGATION 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Nov. 25, 1942 INVENTORS. PETER MUSNER AND UTTD STElNlTZ BY M a s r Asmn July 6, 1948.

P. MOSNER ETAL INSTRUMENT FOR NAVIGATION Filed Nov. 25, 1942 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 l llllll IIIIIIIlIlIl/Illllllllhlll 2: E 2 miob 1 fi 255 79101 258 A i 252 20 5 2 5 INVENTORS:

. 7; PETER MOSNER AND UTTU STEINITZ A I Y W515 y 1943- P. MOSNER ETAL 2,444,703

INSTRUMENT FOR NAVIGATION Filed Nov. 25, 1942 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 BY Wadi aw;

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Patented July 6, 1948 HNSTRUMENT FQR NAVIGATION Peter Mosner, Alexandria, Va, and Gtto Stelnitz, New York, 32. Y.

Application November 25,. 1 962, erlal Ede. 1C5. Edd fii iicis invention relates to instruments used airplanes for navigation, and the main object dirigibles and all other vehicles which may lose contact with or view of stationary marks.

A more particular object is to indicate the existence of any acceleration. Acceleration," in this specification, means any change of the vehicles progressive moving condition, whether the acceleration results in a change of the velocity or of the moving direction or of both. For the purposes of this invention, all parts rigidly connected to the vehicle may be regarded as having the same progressive movement and the same accelerations, mere changes of the vehicle's direction or orientation in space resulting only in turning around the vehicle's center of gravity and in negligible temporary diflerences of moving conditions between the individual parts of the vehicle.

Another object is to indicate the direction of any acceleration. Still other objects are to indicate the intensity or magnitude and the duration of any acceleration.

Further objects are to indicate changes of the vehicle's moving direction, to indicate the moving direction relative to the ground at any given time, and to indicate the wind drift angle, that is the angular deviation of the moving direction from the airplanes heading. Still further objects are to indicate the magnitude of changes of velocity, to indicate the velocity relative to the ground at any given time, and to indicate the present speed, that is the vector defined by moving direction and velocity at any given time.

Still further objects are to indicate the distance or mileage made by the vehicle in horizontal direction, the altitude, the way or track relative to the ground, and the position of the vehicle at any given time.

The indications mentioned in the foregoing supply data which may be used singly or in combination, either by a person steering the vehicle or by wholly or partly automatic device responsive to .one or more indications and controlling the vehicle's navigation.

According to the invention, said indications can be achieved independently of any outer ps8 source by means an a member carried toy the vehicle which memher, due to its inertia, has a tendency tn shift its center of gravity relatively to the remaining structure at the vehicle when the Flatter is accelerated. Thus, further objects are to use the inertia of a member carried to? the vehicle in order to indicate accelerations and to derive one or more of the indications mentioned before from the indication of acceleration. Other objects and advantages of the invention will appear from the exemplifying embodiments described in the following description. particu larly pointed out in the attached claims and illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. 1 shows a vertical view of an illustrative embodiment, said view being seen from the lower side of Fig. 3, that part of this embodiment which is shown in the lower half of Fig. 3 being cut oil along the line l-l in Fig. 3,

Fig. 2 shows a vertical view of the main body of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, said view seen from the left side in Fig. 1,

Fig. 3 shows a view of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, said view seen obliquely from above in the direction of the arrow II in Fig. 1,

Fig. 4 shows a vertical view of an element used in the embodiment shown in Figs. 1 and 3, said view being on a larger scale and showing some parts in central cross-sections,

Fig. 5 shows a horizontal view of the element shown in Fig. 4, some parts being shown in central cross-sections,

Fig. 6 shows a vertical view of the element shown in Figs. 4 and 5, said view being perpendicular to the Figs. 4 and 5 and showing some parts in central cross-sections,

Fig. 7 shows a vertical view of a modification of the embodiment shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, some parts being shown in cross-section along the lines 'll in Fig. 8,

Fig. 8 shows a horizontal view of the modiflcation shown in Fig. 7, some parts being shown in cross-section along the line H in Fig. '7,

Fig. 9 shows a portion of the modification shown in Figs. '1 and 8, said view being seen from a cross-section taken along the line 1-! in Fig. 8,

Fig. 10 shows another embodiment of the invention, the casing being shown in central crosssection, some parts being omitted, and some inner parts shown in a cross-section taken along the line li-ll and seen from the right side in Fig. 12.

Fig. 11 shows the embodiment shown in Fig.

i seen from the upper side, some parts of the periphery being broken off, and some of the invisible parts being shown in dotted lines.

Fig. 12 shows a view of the same embodiment seen from the left side in Figs. and 11, the casing being shown in central cross-section, and some inner parts being shown in a cross-section taken along the line Ii2-l2 in Fig. 10.

Fig. 13 shows a circuit diagram adapted for use in the embodiments shown in Figs. 1 to 9.

Fig, 14 shows a circuit diagram adapted for use in the embodiments shown in Figs. 10 to 12.

Each of the shown embodiments comprises a structure or a body carried by the vehicle and participating in the vehicles progressive motions and accelerations; at least one member having, due to its inertia, a tendency to shift its center of gravity relative to said body, when said body is accelerated; and means to indicate said tendency. In certain embodiments, said indicating means may be constituted by said member itself. For the sake of brevity, we call said body the main body and said member the-inert member. In all embodiments, the movability of the inert member relative to the main body is restricted, either by immediate contact or by interposed means, and either rigidly or resiliently.

The inert member need not necessarily be a solid body.

Every embodiment of the invention which achieves an indication of the direction and magnitude of the vehicle's accelerations or of the vectors of acceleration may be made the fundamental element of an instrument indicating the direction and the velocity of the vehicle or the vehicles speed vector which is the geometrical sum of all occurred accelerations. Further, every embodiment indicating the speed vector may be made the basis of an instrument indicating the track or way of the vehicle, the distance or altitude or geographic position reached by the vehicle, all these indications resulting from the vehicles speed during the travelling time. In order to obtain these objects, the device responsive to the accelerations is combined with suitable means for summing up the vectors of acceleration or the vectors of speed, for example with such means as will be described in connection with the following embodiments.

In the latter or other cases, it is necessary or desirable to maintain the direction or orientation in space of that part of the device which is responsive to the acceleration or also of other parts thereof. This object may be achieved by and suitable means, for example by such means as will be described in connection with the following embodiments.

Every embodiment may be equipped with means to arrest the movable parts of the instrument temporarily when no indication is desired whereby the instrument is protected from damage, for example, during acrobatics or other abrupt flight maneuvers. Further, the device may be provided with a protective casing having a window for the observation of the scale and with other conventional equipments.

Referring to Figs. 1, 2 and 3, numeral I00 indicates a main or mounting body supporting the inventive device. The body I00 has a finished surface IOI over which a sled I02 can slide. The sliding movement of the sled I02 is guided by a groove I03 provided in the surface WI and having oblique side walls similar to the groove IIO which will be described later on, said side walls slidably fitting a lower extension of the sled I02, similar to the extension I08 of the later described sled I08.

A motor I05 is mounted on. the body I00 and drives a shaft I06 having a thread engaging a corresponding thread provided in a bore of the sled I02 whereby rotation of the shaft I08 moves the sled I02 in the one or the other axial direction of said shaft. The operation of the motor I08 is controlled by a control element I01 mounted on the body I00 in such position that the axis" of the element I01 is horizontal. The structure of the element I01 and the meaning of its axis" will be described later on, with reference to Figs. 4, 5 and 6.

The sled I02 has a finished upper surface which slidably carries a second sled I08 havin a lower extension I09 which slidably fits the side walls of a groove IIO provided in said surface of the sled I02. The directions of the grooves I03 and I I0 are perpendicular to each other, and. consequently, the sliding directions of the sleds I02 and I08 are perpendicular to each other.

An extension or integral part I04 of the sled I02 carries a motor III and a control element II2 similar to the element I01 and controlling the operation of the motor III. The element H2 is so positioned that its axis" is horizontal and perpendicular to the axis" of the element I81. The motor III drives a shaft H8 having a thread engaging a corresponding thread provided in a bore of the sled I08 whereby rotation of the shaft II3 moves the sled I08 in the one or the other direction of the axis of the shaft IIS.

A rod or indicator IIO has one end aflixed to the sled I08 and another end H5 positioned over a plate II6 which is afiixed to the body I00 by a post I60. The plate H6 is so positioned that its upper surface is parallel to those movements of the end II5 which occur when the sleds I02 and I08 move. A bar or pointer H1 is rotatably mounted on the plate II6 by means of a pin or small shaft II8 extending from the central part of the bar II1 to the lower side and engaging a central bore in the plate H6. The bar III has a longitudinal groove II9 which is slidably engaged by a cylindrical pin I20 afiixed to the end II5. When the pin has left the position over the center of the plate II6, the bar II'I assumes a definite angular position which is indicated at a scale on the periphery of the plate I I8 by small recesses I2l provided at the ends of the bar II1. On the bottom of the groove IIS, another scale is marked and can be observed through a hole in the center of the pin I20 and in the end II5. This latter scale indicates the radial distance of the pin I20 from its central position.

Figs. 4, 5 and 6 show the control element I01 on a larger scale. These figures may be also regarded as illustrations of the element II2, the elements I01 and I12 being of identical or similar structure.

The element I01 comprises an outer casing I22 and an inner casing I23 which are connected by a gimbal suspension consisting of a ring or frame I24 rotatably connected to the outer casing I22 by joints I25, to the inner casing I23 by joints I28. A slide-bar I29 is affixed to the casing I23 in the inner side thereof. The iongitudinal axis of said bar defines the direction of movability of a member I30 slidably carried by the bar I29. Said axis along which the center of gravity of the member I30 can move is regarded as the axis of the element I01.

' resistances .member I30 and adjustable by sliding contacts Two coiled springs I3I surrounding the bar I20 are inserted in the casing I23 at both sides of the member I30 and keep said member in its central position when no acceleration exists. Any acceleration of the element which has a component or coordinate in the direction of the elements axis causes the member I30 to move relatively to the casing I23, due to the law of inertia, until the forces exerted by the springs I3I counterbalance the force of inertia which is proportional to the magnitude or intensity of said accelerating component.

The casing I23 further contains two variable I32 and I33 arranged beside the I34 and I35 which are aflixed to the member I30. Any movement of the member I310 to the left side (Fig. 4) causes the sliding contact I34 to vary the resistance I32. Any movement of the member I30 to the right side causes the sliding cont act I35 to vary the resistance I33. The resistances I32 and I3 3 are so arranged and measured that the speed of the motor I (Figs. 1 and 3) is controlledby the one or the other of said resistances and that said rotating speed is always proportional to the distance of the member I30 from its central position or to the intensity of the present accelerating component and that the direction of the motors rotation is determined by the direction in which the member I30 has moved from its central position, the two resistances I32 and I33 operating the motor I05 in opposite directions. The structure of such resistances and of such a motor is known.

For example, motors are known, the speed of which is controlled by a circuit regulated by a resistance of which more or less portions can be inserted in said circuit by means of a sliding contact. Such an arrangement may be used in the instant embodiments, and the resistance may be adapted to the requirements of the instant invention in the following Way: The range of the motors speed from zero to maximum speed is divided into a large number of equal steps. The way of the sliding contact from its central starting position (corresponding to the standtill of the motor) to its uttermost position (corresponding to the highest speed of the motor) is divided into the same number of steps having equal lengths. The total resistance required for said range of speed is divided into the same number of partial resistances, each partial resistance corresponding to one step of the motors speed and having a value which efiects the change of speed of said step when added to or eliminated from the circuit. The partial resistances may be unequal, but their values are either known or can be easily found by simple test. Said partial resistances are so arranged along the way of the sliding contact that each partial resistance lies within the corresponding step of said way. Thereby any position of the sliding contact results in a motors speed proportional to the total shift of said contact from its central position.

The current source, the motor and the resistances are connected by wires or conductors in conventional manner. Those parts of the conductors which bridge over the distance from the outer casing I22 to the inner casing I23 must not interfere with the movability of the gimbal suspension. This can be achieved in any known manner, for example, by using very resilient wires, or sliding contacts or by conducting the circuit through insulated parts of the gimbal ring and of its joints.

The casing I23 further contains an electromagnet I36 which is excited by coils (not shown) forming a part of the circuit controlled by the resistance I33, and a similar, oppositely directed magnet I31 excited by coils forming a part of the circuit controlled by the resistance I32. Counterweights I38 and I39 are so arranged slidably on the bar I29 and in the fields of the magnets I36 and I31 respectively that either of said magnets, when excited, attracts the respective counterweight whereby said counterweight moves in the direction toward the respective magnet against the pressure of a spring I40 or I4I respectively and against the force of inertia. This direction is opposite to the direction in which the member I30 is shifted from its central position at the same time. The counterweights I38 and I39, the springs I40 and MI and the electromagnets I36 and I3! are so arranged and measured that the shift of the respective counterweight is proportional to the shift of the member I30, and that the ratio of said shifts is the inverse ratioof the shifted weights whereby the shift of the counterweight counterbalances the shift of the member I30 and the center of gravity of the entire system connected to the casing I23 retains its position.

If the arrangement of the resistances I32 and I33 should not allow a properly graduated control of the electromagnets I36 and I31, separate circuits and separate resistances I42 and I43 are used for said control, instead of the resistances used for the control of the motor. The resistances I42 and I43 are adjusted by sliding contacts I44 and I45 respectively which are carried by the member I33 similarly as the contacts I34 and I35. The resistances I42 and I43 are adapted to the operation of the electromagnets in a similar manner as the resistances I32 and I33 are adapted to the operation of the motor. Other means controlled by the shift of the member I30 may be used in order to control the operation of the electromagnets or of other means for such shift of the counterweights which secures the maintenance of the system's center of gravity.

The axis of the joints I25 and I26 and the axis of the joints I21 and I28 are so positioned that said axes cross each other at the element's center of gravity or at the center of gravity of the system connected to the casing I23 and suspended in the casin I22, Or the casing I23 may be arranged with its center of gravity perpendicularly under the center of suspension. At any rate, the axis of the element is so arranged that said axis has a definite and horizontal direction. Due to the gimbal suspension and the laws of inertia, the axis of the element always keeps its original direction. This may be further secured by known means, for example, by one or more gyroscopes I46 arranged in the casing I23 or by a compass needle controlling the direction of the casing I23. Gyroscopic and magnetic compasses for the maintenance of the direction of an axis are known, and, therefore, these devices are here not specified.

The gimbal suspension may be omitted, and the'casings I22 and I23 may form one body if the body I00 is suspended by a similar, larger gimbal suspension. In this case, also means for the maintenance of the direction of the axis may be attached to the :body I00 or to any part afiixed to the body I00, and the center of gravity may be maintained by providing movable means so controlled that they counterbalance the shift of 7 weight effected by the movable parts of the device.

Instead of controlling the motors speed by a circuit, other means controlled by the shift of the member I may be used for this purpose, for example, a motor may be used the speed of which is controlled by a centrifugal regulator or by a centrifugal brake. Conventional structures of such speed controlling devices comprise an adjustable member which can be constituted or adjusted by a member shifted by inertia in a similar manner as the member i".

The body I" is carried by the vehicle and,

'whether or not in gimbal suspension, participates in the progressive motion of the vehicle, that is in that motion which shifts the vehicle's location, in contradistinction from mere local ro-- tations which change the vehicles axial orientation and are excluded in the case of gimbal suspension. At any rate, the casing ill participates in the vehicle's progressive motion to the exclusion of changes of its axial direction. The participation in the progressive motion involves the participation in all accelerations of the vehicle. As pointed out before, an acceleration's coordinate or component in the direction of the axis of the element I01 causes the motor I05 to run at a speed and in a direction corresponding to said component. The shaft I" is either directly coupled to the rotor of the motor II! or connected thereto by an intermediate gear, preferably a speed reducing gear. Anyhow, the shaft I" rotates at a speed proportional to the motor's speed and shifts the sled I02 over a distance proportional to the intensity of said component and to the duration of the acceleration. So the total shift of the sled I02 is proportional to the total acceleration in the direction of said component or to the change of speed which the vehicle acquires due to said component.

The element H2 operates similarly with respect to that co-ordinate of the acceleration which is in the direction of the axis of the element I it. Consequently, the motor iii, controlled by the element ilzinthesamewayasthemotor lllis controlled by the element lll, shifts the sled ill over a distance proportional to the change of speed which the vehicle acquires due to said second component of the acceleration. In addition, the sled Ill participates in the shift of the sled I02 so that the total shift of the sled Ill corresponds to the geometric sum of both co-ordinates or to the true change of speed acquired by the vehicle due to the total acceleration.

When the acceleration has ceased, the motors cease rotating and the sleds remain in the shifted positions until a new acceleration occurs. Any further acceleration causes an additional shift of the sled ill, said shift corresponding to the direction, intensity and duration of the acceleration, whereby the total shift is the geometric sum of all single shifts which have occurred. The total shift representing the total change of speed is indicated by the shift of the pin I" over the plate Iii.

In a strictly correct sense, the indicated speed is the speed of the instrument or the elements used in the instrument, and not the speed of the vehicle. Theindicated speed may temporarily differ a little from the speed of the vehicle's center of gravity because the latter center may not coincide with the centers of the elements I" and H2 and may have a slightly different acceleration when the vehicle does not move parallel to itself. This difference, however, is negligible because the instrument and the vehicle are so emnected that their speeds and ways must be substantially the same whether or not slight temporary diflerences occur. Therefore, the possibility of such temporary differences is neglected in this specification, and the speed and the I" of the instrument is regarded as identical with the speed and the way of the vehicle.

The pin ill may start from any podtion relative to the plate H8. But preferably, the pin I is originally positioned over the center I of the plate iii. The pin can be brought into this or any other desired position by turning the shafts ill and ill either together with the respective motors or while said shafts are temporarily disconnected from their respective motors.

If the pin was positioned over the center of the I plate ii. before the vehicle started, the direction from this center (I m to the present position of the pin I20 defines the direction of the dial Ill and indicates the direction of the vehicle's speed. The distance of the pin I20 from the center III indicates the magnitude of this speed. These indications can be read from the scales described before. For example, if the axis of the element i0! is directed from the north to the south and the axis of the element from the east to the west, a direction of the dial ill toward'the scale point N indicates a speed directed to the north and s direction of the dial toward a point which is 3 degrees remote from N on the peripheral scale indicates a speed having a direction deviating from the north by :1: degrees. The diameter of the plate H8 and the length of the scale in the groove ill of the dial I I1 arelarge enoughto provide for the largest speed which the vehicle might acquire.

The inventive device may be modified in such a way that the movable part I carries the plate and the stationary body I" carries the pin. This modification requires only obvious adaptations of theaccessoriesfortheachievementofthesams indications.

'lhstpartofthe instrumentwhichisshownin the lower half of the Hg. 3 serves the indicatim ofthetrackorthewaymadebythevehicleandis controlled by the speed indicating device described before.

The sled i5! guided in a groove I" in the finished surface iii of the body ill moves over mid surface when the motor I55 drives the threaded shaft I", the shapes and arrangements of than parts being similar to those of the sled "1, motor I" and shaft I. The operation of the motor I is controlled by a variable resistance I" insertedinthebody I at the bottom of thegroove ill and adjusted by a sliding contact affixed to the lower extension of the sled I". The resistance III is so arranged and measured that the motor ISI is switched off when the sled III is in its central position, that the motor turns in me direction when the sled III is shifted from the central position to one side and turns in the other direction when the sled is shifted to the other side whereby the rotation of the motor III and of the shaft I always moves the sled I! in that direction in which the sled I" is shifted from its central position, and that the speeds of the motor I" and of the sled III are proportional to the distance of the sled II! from its central position. An adequate arrangement of the resistance I" and of the parts controlled by the same csnbe' secured in the same manner as has been described before with reference to the resistances I32 and. I33.

It results that the shifting speed of the sled I52 is always proportional to that co-ordinate of the vehicles speed which is indicated by the position of the sled I02 as has been pointed out before, and that the total shift of the sled I52 is proportional to the vehicle's total way made in the direction of said co-ordinate.

The sled I58, groove I60, motor I6I and shaft I 83 are shaped and arranged with respect to each other and to the sled I52 in a similar manner as the sled I08, groove IIO, motor I II and shaft 3 are shaped and arranged with respect to the sled I02. The motor I6I is controlled by a variable resistance I62 inserted at the bottom of the groove H and adjusted by a sliding contact I58 afllxed to the extension I09 of the sled I08. The arrangement of the resistance I62 corresponds to the arrangement of the resistance I51 whereby the motor IN is so controlled that said motor: moves the sled I58 in that direction in which the sled I08 is shifted from its central position, and at a speed proportional to the distance of the sled I08 from said central position. So the moving speed of the sled I58 is proportional to that coordinate of the vehicles speed which is indicated by the position of the sled I08,

As the sled I58, in addition, participates in the movement of the sled I52, the total movement of the sled I58 comprises both co-ordinates and corresponds to the direction and speed of the vehicies total motion. The total shift of the sled I50 indicates the total way made by the vehicle, and said shift occurs in a track which is a proportional picture of the vehicle's true track.

A rod or indicator I68 is affixed to the sled (158 and has a free end I65 which moves over a plate I56 when the sleds I52 and I58 move. The plate 666 is affixed to the body I00 and has an upper surface parallel to the movability of the end I65. This surface is provided with an exchangeable map of that part of the earth where the vehicle is travelling. The end I65 may be provided with a needle, a pencil or another writing implement which draws a line I61 indicating the vehicles track on said map.

At the start, the end I65 or the writing implement affixed thereto is brought over that spot of the map which indicates the geographic position of the starting point. This can be done in the manner, described before, in which the pin I20 is brought into its original position. At any later time, the end I65 stands over that spot of the map which indicates the geographic position at that particular time.

If it is expected that the vehicle will go farther than to the line indicated by the rim of the map, a set of maps may be kept in store, each subsequent map having a margin zone overlapping with margin of the preceding map. Before the line I61 reaches the rim of the map, the map is replaced by the subsequent map, and the end I65 is brought in that position over the new map which indicates the same spot that was last indicated on the first map.

If one map covers a considerable part of the earths surface, the curvature of the earth may interfere with the accuracy of the indication.

This can be avoided by an embodiment wherein a, curved map forming a portion of a globular surface and showing a proportional picture of the earths surface is used. Such a modification differs from that shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 in that the indicating needle or the writing implement is guided in a globularly curved way. This can be achieved by two sleds, corresponding to the sleds I52 and I58, which, in contradistlnction from the sleds I52 and I58, are guided and driven in two circular arcs perpendicular to each other. The instrument modified in this manner comprises a way or track indicating device different from that shown in the lower half of the Fig. 3, and the modification of this track indicating device is shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9 while Fig. 1 represents that part of the modified embodiment which is identical to the preceding embodiment.

Referring to Figs. 7, 8 and 9, the body I10 is permanently aflixed to the body I00 (Fig. 1) and has a cylindrical surface "I with a groove I13 in which a sled I12 is circularly guided. A motor I15 mounted on the body I10 drives a worm shaft I16 engaging a worm wheel arc I11 aflixed to the sled I12 whereby rotation of the motor I15 shifts the sled I12 along the circular groove I13. The motor I15 is controlled by the position of the sled I02 in a similar manner as the motor I55 in the precedent modification.

The sled I12 carries a second sled I18 guided in a circular groove I of the sled I12. The respective axes of the circles defined by the two grooves I13 and I80 cross each other perpendic ularly. An integral extension I14 of the sled I12 carries a motor I8I controlled by the position of the sled I08 in a similar manner as the motor I6I in the precedent modification. The motor i8I moves the sled I18 in a manner corresponding to the drive of the sled I12 by means of a worm gear I83.

The rod I84 carrying the writing or indicating implement I85 is affixed to the sled I18. The implement I85 moves over the globularly curved surface I 86 which is aflixed to the body I10 and provided with a map. The center of curvature of the surface I86 coincides with the crossing point of the axes around which the sleds I12 and 518 move.

Referring to Figs. 10, 11 and 12, numeral 200 indicates the casing of another embodiment. The direction or orientation in space of this casing may be maintained by such means as have been described before. A frame-shaped member 20I is rotatably carried by a vertical axle 202 affixed to the casing 200. The frame 20I carries wing-shaped extensions and certain other parts which will be described thereafter, and this entire structure is so arranged that the center of gravity of the total rotatable structure is situated in that central plane of said frame which is vertical in Fig. 10, and remote from the axis of rotation to the left side in Fig. 12 whereby the inertia will direct the frame 20I according to the direction of an occurring acceleration.

A motor 203 is mounted on the frame 20I and drives a worm gear 204 engaging a worm wheel 205. The wheel 205 has a shaft rotatable in a bearing in an extension of the frame 20I and carrying a disk 208. ,A grooved disk 2I0 situated parallel to the disk 206 is afflxed to another shaft which is also rotatable in a bearing of the frame 20I and carries a horizontal toothed wheel 2 engaging a. vertical toothed wheel 2I2. The two disks 206 and 2| 0 are so connected to each other that the rotation of the disk 206 is transferred to the disk 2I0 and that the latter will move, in the long run, as much as the first disk has moved, but that the disk 2I0 is free to lag temporarily when its motion is stopped or braked drical roller 2.

fixed to the same shaft whereby the drive of the while the disk 2 continues rotating? This is achieved in the shown embodiment by providing a pin 231 afiixed to the disk 2", a pin 233 affixed to the disk 2|! and a spring 239 connecting said two pins. The resiliency of the spring "land the position of the pins does not need to allow for more than a small diflerence in the distance of the pins because the disk 2" will never be stopped for any considerable length of time as will be explained later.

A pair of co-axial bearings 2" is mounted on the frame 2ll and carries the shaft of a cylin- The toothed wheel 212 is almotor 233 is finally transferred to the roller 2. A similar pair of bearings 2l3 mounted on the frame 2 carries the shaft of a roller 213 similar to the roller 2 and parallel thereto. An endless belt or band 2li of magnetic or magnetizable material is slung around the rollers 2M and 2! 3 and driven by the roller 2 is in such sense that the upper half of the band 2" moves in the direction 01 the acceleration (from'left to right in Fig. 12) when the roller 2 is driven by the.

motor 233.

The upper wall of the casing 203 has a central circular opening the edge of which carries a ball bearing 2". The outer ring of this bearing rests stationary on the casing. The rotatable inner ring carries a disk 2" afllxed thereto and filling the opening of the casing 233. A stationary disk or pane 2l3 of glass or other transparent material covers the opening and the disk 2" which is visible through the pane 2".

A groove 223 which is slightly broader at the upper side than at the lower side crosses the disk 2" diagonally. The bottom of the groove 223 is slotted; except at the center of the disk 22., by a slot 2 interrupted at the central part of the disk 223. A pin 222 aii'ixed to the center of the disk 223 extends downward and rotatably carries a horizontal lever 223 having ends which are linked by joints to the arms 223 and 225 respectively. The other end of the arm 223 is linked by a joint to the member 223 a vertical extension of which is guided in the slot 22 l. The other end of the arm 22 is linked to a member .221 having a vertical extension guided in that part of the slot 22l which is opposite to the part in which the member 223 is guided. The upper end of the member 223 passes through the slot 221 and. terminates in a sliding block 223 which is slidable in'the groove 223. The lower end of the member 223 carries a piece 223 of magnetizable material which can be temporarily magnetized by current from any suitable source (not shown) and thereby temporarily coupled to the band 2| 3. The centers of the block 223, of the joint connecting the'parts 223 and 223, and of the magnet 223 are arranged in one vertical line. The parts 223, 2-23, 223, 223, 221, 223 and 223 are so shaped and loaded th weight that the center of gravity of this ent re movable system is always kept ln'the same place, preferably in the central axis of the disk 2| 3, whatever the distance of the sliding stone from the center of said disk might be. Said distance may vary from zero to a maximum near the outer rim-oi the disk 2" and can be read from a scale 23I'provided at the sides of the groove 223 and visible through the pane 2|. Another, circular scale- 23l is provided On the pane 2 l3 and allows to read the angular position of the rotatable disk 213 or of its groove 223.

A control element 232 similar to the device I13 shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 6 is mounted on the frame 2M and controls the speed of the motor 203 in a similar manner at the element I01 described before controls the speed of the motor I03. A difference, however, exists in that the motor 233 needs not to run in both directions and, therefore, the inert member 233 of the element 232 may be movable only in one direction from its original or resting position, and the element may contain only one control resistance. The axis of the element 232 lies horizontally in the vertical central plane of the frame 2 and the inert member 233 moves from its original position to the side remote from the center of rotation of the frame when an acceleration occurs. Thereby the speed of the motor 233 is made proportional to the acceleration. The motors rotation is so directed that the upper side of the band H6 is driven in the direction of the acceleration.

A ring 233 is arranged around the disk 2|. and slightly movable in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the axis of the element 232, the ring 233 having an extension 233 slidably fitting a guiding hole in the frame 20!. Two braking blocks 233 are aillxed to the ring 234 and extend into the peripheral groove of the disk 2". When no acceleration in the direction of the ring's movability exists, the disk 2" is free to rotate. when, however an accelerating component perpendicular to the axis of the element 232 exists, the one or the other block 233 is pressed into the groove of the disks 2l3 and stops the rotation of said disk, thereby interrupting the transmission of the motors drive to the band 2|. This braking operation of the ring 232 may be caused either by its own inertia or by an element 231 similar to the device I23 shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 6 and having an axis perpendicular to the axis of the element 232 which element 231 controls the motion and pressure of the ring235 in any suitable or known (not shown) manner.

The magnetic coupling between the piece 223 and the band 216 is operated only when the band is driven bythe motor and interrupted when the disk 2 i3 is stopped. for example by interrupting the current magnetizing the piece 223. This may be done in any suitable or conventional manner, for example, by providing a switch in the circuit of said current which switch is operated by the extension 233 of the ring 234, by the element 231, by the roller 2 or by any other suitable part.

One or several counterweights 238 are afilxed to the frame 2" at the side opposite to the side where the transmission gear is situated (see Fig. 10) whereby the center of gravity of the entire frame system is brought into the proper position before described.

Operation This instrument operates as follows:

At the start of the vehicle, the block 223 is positioned in the center of the disk 2". When the vehicle is accelerated, the inertia of the frame system causes the same to turn around the shaft 202 into that position in which the center of gravity of this system lies behind the center of rotation in the sense of the acceleration. At the same time, the inert member 233 shifts and the motor 203 controlled by the element 232 runs at a speed proportional to the magnitude of the acceleration. This motion is transferred to the band 2l3 the upper part of which moves in the direction of the acceleration, also at a proportional speed. During said motion of the band 2|, a magnetic coupling exl3 ists between the band 2I8 and magnetic piece 224 whereby the latter, the member 225 and the sliding block 228 are shifted in the direction of the acceleration over a way proportional to the intensity and length of time of the acceleration. The total velocity of the vehicle acquired by the acceleration is represented by the elongation of the block 228 from its central position and can be read from the scale 230. At the same time, the rotatable disk 2I8 assumes that direction in which the groove 220 falls into the direction of the acceleration or of the velocity of the vehicle. This direction can be read from the scale 23I.

At the beginning of the acceleration, a short time may elapse before the frame 20I reaches the proper direction. Whenever the frame is not so directed that the axis of the member 232 falls into the direction of the acceleration, a component of the acceleration falls into the direction of the axis of the member 231 or of the ring extension 235.

As has been pointed out before, such component of the, acceleration or the corresponding inertia causes the one or the other of the braking blocks 235 to stop the disk 2I0 whereby also the band 2I0 is stopped while the motor 203 and the disk 206 continue the motion controlled by the element 232. As soon as the frame 20I is in the direction of the acceleration, the component of inertia perpendicular to this direction vanishes whereby the disk 2I0 is released. At this mment, the spring 209 causes the disk 2m to make up for the lagging or for that partial rotation which the disk 206 made during the stop of the disk 2I0. The releasing position is reached after a very short time from the beginning of the acceleration. Even if the frame should oscillate for some time around the direction of the acceleration, the inertia controlling the stop of the disk 2) will soon and repeatedly pass through the value zero when the frame passes through the proper direction whereby the disk 2I0 will make up for the delayed motion in short intervals. It results that the band 2I6, in the long run. makes the complete movement corresponding to the movement of the motor 203, and that this movement of the band occurs completely in the direction of the acceleration. The same is true with respect to the magnetic piece 229 and the indicating block 228.

When the acceleration of the vehicle ceases, the motor 203, the band ZIG and the block 228 cease moving, and the vector from the center of the disk 2 I 8 to the center of the block 228 indicates the velocity so far acquired by the vehicle.

The beginningand the end of the movement of .the device may lag a little behind the beginning and the end of the acceleration, due to the inertia of the moving. parts. But this does not matter as the entire movement will finally correspond to the entire acceleration with sufiicient accuracy and the indication, will lag only a veryshort time behind the indicated facts. This is true also with respect to the other embodiments.

Whenever another accelerationkpf the vehicle occurs, the process is correspondingly repeated,

that is, the block 228 is again shifted in the direction of the new acceleration over a distance proportional to the magnitude and duration of the new acceleration, that is to say, over a vector representing the change of the vehicles velocity due to the new acceleration. This vector added to the former position of the block 228 results in a new vector measured from the center of the disk 2I8 to the center of the block 228 and representing the total velocity of the vehicle. The direction and magnitude of the total velocity can always be read from the scales 23I and 230 respectively.

This embodiment has been shown to been instrument for the indication of accelerations and velocities. It may, however, also be used in an instrument for the indications of the vehicle's way or position. Therefor, the indication of the velocity may be used for the control of a second indicating implement which moves at the indicated speed and in the indicated direction over a map or a similar surface. This can be done in a manner similar to that which has been pointed out with respect to the embodiments shown in Figs. 1 to 3 and '7 to 9.

Referring to Fig. 13, 250 indicates an electric current source. One terminal of 250 is connected to a wire or conductor 25I leading into the interior of a control element of the kind described before with reference to Figs. 4, 5 and 6, for example, of the control element I01 (Figs. 1 and 3). In Fig. 13, the circumference of this element is indicated by the dotted line 252. As described before, the control element contains variable resistances I32, I33, I42, I43 and respectively co-operating sliding contacts I34, I35, I44, I carried by an inert member. Said four sliding contacts are conductively connected to wire 25I. When the inert member is out of its zero or central position, the sliding contacts connect either the resistances I33 and I43 or I32 and I42 with the current source 250.

The outer end of resistance I32 is connected by wire 253 to one terminal of a reversible electromotor, for example, of motor I05, which has another terminal connected by wire 245 to the second terminal of 250. The outer end of resistance E33. is connected by wire 255 to a third terminal of motor I05. Said motor is so wired or constructed in known manner that current passing the motor between wires 253 and 254 causes rotation of the motor in one direction, and that current passing between wires 255 and 254 causes rotation in the opposite direction.

The outer end of resistance I42 is connected to one end of a coil 256 wound around the electromagnet I31; the other end of 256 is connected to a wire 251 conducting to wire 258, wire 254 and to the second terminal of 250. The outer end pf resistance I43 is connected to one end of coil 259 of electromagnet I36; the other end'of 259 is connected by wire 260 to wire 258 etc.

The resistances I32, I33, I42 and I43 are divided in partial resistances indicated by individual dents of the respective zig-zag lines. The resistances of the individual parts are measured as described before whereby, in any position of the sliding contacts, the current suppl is that required for proper function of the motor I05 and of the electromagnets respectively. As mentioned before and well known in the art, the conductors passing from the interior of the control element to the outside have such a structure, for example excessive length and suitable position, that these conductors do not interfere with the movability of the control element.

Circuits like those described may be used for the control element H2 and for the motor III controlled by II2.

Fig. 9 further shows a circuit adapted for the operation of motor ISI (Fig. 3). This circuit -contains the same source 250 and the sliding consecond terminal of Ill.

controls the variable resistance III which consists of two symmetrical parts separated by a zero gap. The two outer ends of said parts are connected to different terminals of the reversible motor III by wire II and wire I" respectively. Said two terminals correspond to opposite directions of rotation and co-operate with a common third terminal pole connected to wire Ill, in a manner similar to that described with reference to motor I".

A circuit like that described in the foregoing paragraph may be used for the control of the motor I" by the variable resistance Ill. Also, such circuits may be used for the control of the motors I15 and III in the modification shown in Figs. 7 to 9.

Referring to Fig. 14, 270 indicates an electric current source supplying a control member, for example, the member III (Fig. 10) and a motor, for example, the motor III by means of a circuit similar to that described with reference to member Ill and motor I". As mentioned before, the embodiment shown in Figs. 10 to 12 is simplified by the fact that the inert member of the control element III and the motor have to move in one direction only. The control element may contain only two resistances III and III varied by sliding contacts Ill and I'll respectively, which are carried by the inert member III and are connected by wire I'll to one terminal of I'll. That end of resistance In which is opposite to the zero position of contact I'll is connected by wire I" to one terminal of motor III, the other terminal of the motor being connected by wire Ill to the second terminal of the current source Ill. The corresponding end of resistance Ill is connected to one end of a coil I'll wound around an electr c-magnet I19 which serves the same purpose as the electromagnet I in the embodiment described previously. The other end of coil I'll is connected by wire III to wire Ill and to the Said resistances, coil and wires may be measured and adjusted as described before with reference to the embodiments shown in Figs. 1 to 9 and 13.

Fig. 14 further shows another circuit supplied from the same source Ill. This circuit conducts from one terminal of III over wire III to a coil III wound around an electromagnet III (seen in Fig. 12 from the lower side in Fig. 14) which is positioned near the steel band III as described before. The other end of coil III is connected to a contact I situated stationarily in the control element I" (Fig. 10) which has a movable inert member ca rying a contact I connected permanently by wire I to the second terminal of I'll. In the central or zero position of said inert member, the contacts III and I close the circuit, thereby magnetically coupling the piece III and the band III as described before. In any other position of the inert member, for example, in the positions of the contact I" shown in dotted lines in Fig. 14, the circuit is interrupted and the parts III and III are free to move relatively to each other.

In any embodiment, all circuits may be supplied by the same current source or by separate current sources.

Every indication or combination of indications obtained from an embodiment of the invention may be used for an automatic control of the vehicle whereby, for example, a predetermined direction of travel over ground or a predeter- 16 This may be done, for example, by motoric means operating the steering mechanism and controlled by electrical contacts which are so positioned and adjusted beside the indicating implement that deviation of said implement from the predetermined indication will operate said contacts and thereby activate the steering mechanism in such sense as will correct said deviation.

Wherever the operation of an embodiment calls for a definite initial position of a part, conventional or easily designed means may be provided for bringing said part into the proper position without disturbing the other parts. For example, the outer casing III of the control element shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 6 may be provided with a tool so movable from the outside in or into the inner space of III that said tool can temporarily be brought into contact with the inner casing III and can direct the casing III into the desired direction, for example, into that direction in which the axis of the element is directed from the north to the south.

If any indication of the instrument or the position of any part which, according to this specification, should have a certain position in space should happen to deviate from the proper position (which may result from small inaccuracies summed up during some time) and this deviation appears during a time when outer marks are accessible, the pilot may correct the deviation, and means may be provided which make such corrections easy. Generally, the same means which are used for the initial positioning of the .parts will sufiiciently serve also for said corrections.

The described embodiments represent devices deriving indications of speed, way etc. from the record of accelerations automatically. While this automatical method is preferred, the invention may be carried out by other methods, for example, by computing the speed, the way etc. from the accelerations, recorded by means of an "inert member," by any known mathematical method, eventually without using any particular device therefor.

In the drawing and description, several details of the embodiments which may be carried out in conventional or known manner have been omitted for the sake of clear and simplified representation of the invention. For example, means to connect parts, means to secure the distance of parts, slight clearances to avoid friction between adjacent parts, the detailed structure of bearings, wires and other conventional electrical elements have not been specified in certain instances.

Means for the temporary arrest or for the protection of the instrument and other special equipment which has been described with respect to one embodiment, may be applied also to other embodiments. Generally, the invention is not confined to the particular forms and uses shown .nd described, the same being merely illustrative, and the invention may be carried out in other ways without departing from the spirit of the invention as it is obvious that the particular embodiments shown and described are only some of the many that anyone skilled in the art can employ to attain the objects and to accomplish the results of the invention.

We claim:

1. An instrument for the navigation of a vehicle, said instrument comprising a body turnably connected with the vehicle, the turning center coinciding with the center of gravity of said mined speed or a definite way may be secured. ll body; two members forming movable parts of said body and guided relative to the other parts of said body; means restricting the inert movement, in said guided direction, of one of said members to a range oi diil'erent positions corresponding to diilerent accelerations of said turning center; means to control the movement of the other member by the movement of said first member, said latter means moving said second member in a direction opposite to that of said first member whereb the common center oi gravity of said two members and consequently of said body is maintained;-and means indicating the shift 0! one of said members which results from said movement of the member.

2. An instrument for the navigation of a vehicle, said instrument comprising a body turnably connected with the vehicle, the turning center coinciding with the center of gravity 01' said body; two members forming movable parts of said body and guided relative to the other parts of said body in .the same straight direction; means restricting the inert movement. in said direction, of one of said members to a range of diilerent positions corresponding to diiferent accelerations of said turning center; means to con- 9| trol the movement of the other member by the movement of said first member, said latter means moving said second member in a direction opposite to that of said first member whereby the common center of gravity of said two members 18 and consequently of said body is maintained; and means indicatingthe shiit of one of said members which results from said movement or the member.

' PETERMOSNER.

O'ISI'O BTEINITZ.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 939,958 Frahm Apr. 13, 1911 1,317,072 Carlier Sept. 23, 1919 1,396,953 Robertson Aug. 9, 1921 1,451,923 Pierce Apr. 17, 1923 1,723,904 Herr Sept. 17, 1929 1,313,493 Henderson July 7, 1931 1,323,044 Holmberg Sept. 15, 1931 1,823,564 Hardesty Oct. 20, 1931 2,199,233 Boykow Feb. 22, 1938 2,346,793 Summers Apr. 19, 1944 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 474,713 Great Britain Nov. 5, 1937 791,389 France Jane 7, 1931 719,591 France Nov. 23, 1931 

